Torch not compiled with CUDA enabled

I cannot reproduce the issue on a Windows system using the same command so I guess your environment might have multiple PyTorch binaries installed (and the CPU-only one is picked),
Output:

conda install pytorch torchvision pytorch-cuda=11.8 -c pytorch -c nvidia
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
...
  added / updated specs:
    - pytorch
    - pytorch-cuda=11.8
    - torchvision
The following packages will be downloaded:
    package                    |            build
    ---------------------------|-----------------
    brotlipy-0.7.0             |py38h2bbff1b_1003         412 KB
    cffi-1.15.1                |   py38h2bbff1b_3         238 KB
    cryptography-39.0.1        |   py38h21b164f_0         1.0 MB
    cuda-cccl-12.1.55          |                0         1.2 MB  nvidia
    cuda-cudart-dev-11.8.89    |                0         723 KB  nvidia
    cuda-cupti-11.8.87         |                0        11.5 MB  nvidia
    cuda-libraries-dev-11.8.0  |                0           1 KB  nvidia
    cuda-nvrtc-dev-11.8.89     |                0        16.1 MB  nvidia
    cuda-profiler-api-12.1.55  |                0          18 KB  nvidia
    cuda-runtime-11.8.0        |                0           1 KB  nvidia
    filelock-3.9.0             |   py38haa95532_0          19 KB
    flit-core-3.8.0            |   py38haa95532_0          85 KB
    freetype-2.12.1            |       ha860e81_0         490 KB
    giflib-5.2.1               |       h8cc25b3_3          88 KB
    idna-3.4                   |   py38haa95532_0          94 KB
    jinja2-3.1.2               |   py38haa95532_0         211 KB
    jpeg-9e                    |       h2bbff1b_1         320 KB
    libcublas-dev-11.11.3.6    |                0       375.9 MB  nvidia
    libcufft-dev-10.9.0.58     |                0       144.6 MB  nvidia
    libcurand-10.3.2.56        |                0           3 KB  nvidia
    libcurand-dev-10.3.2.56    |                0        50.0 MB  nvidia
    libcusolver-dev-11.4.1.48  |                0        94.1 MB  nvidia
    libcusparse-dev-11.7.5.86  |                0       175.7 MB  nvidia
    libdeflate-1.17            |       h2bbff1b_0         151 KB
    libnpp-dev-11.8.0.86       |                0       143.2 MB  nvidia
    libpng-1.6.39              |       h8cc25b3_0         369 KB
    libtiff-4.5.0              |       h6c2663c_2         1.2 MB
    libuv-1.44.2               |       h2bbff1b_0         288 KB
    libwebp-1.2.4              |       hbc33d0d_1          73 KB
    libwebp-base-1.2.4         |       h2bbff1b_1         304 KB
    lz4-c-1.9.4                |       h2bbff1b_0         143 KB
    markupsafe-2.1.1           |   py38h2bbff1b_0          26 KB
    mkl-service-2.4.0          |   py38h2bbff1b_0          51 KB
    mkl_fft-1.3.1              |   py38h277e83a_0         139 KB
    mkl_random-1.2.2           |   py38hf11a4ad_0         225 KB
    networkx-2.8.4             |   py38haa95532_1         2.6 MB
    numpy-1.23.5               |   py38h3b20f71_0          11 KB
    numpy-base-1.23.5          |   py38h4da318b_0         6.0 MB
    pillow-9.4.0               |   py38hd77b12b_0        1015 KB
    pyopenssl-23.0.0           |   py38haa95532_0          97 KB
    pysocks-1.7.1              |   py38haa95532_0          31 KB
    pytorch-2.0.0              |py3.8_cuda11.8_cudnn8_0        1.35 GB  pytorch
    pytorch-cuda-11.8          |       h24eeafa_3           7 KB  pytorch
    pytorch-mutex-1.0          |             cuda           3 KB  pytorch
    requests-2.28.1            |   py38haa95532_1          98 KB
    torchvision-0.15.0         |       py38_cu118         7.7 MB  pytorch
    urllib3-1.26.15            |   py38haa95532_0         194 KB
    win_inet_pton-1.1.0        |   py38haa95532_0          35 KB
    xz-5.2.10                  |       h8cc25b3_1         520 KB
    zlib-1.2.13                |       h8cc25b3_0         113 KB
    zstd-1.5.4                 |       hd43e919_0         683 KB
    ------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Total:        2.37 GB
The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:
  blas               pkgs/main/win-64::blas-1.0-mkl None
  brotlipy           pkgs/main/win-64::brotlipy-0.7.0-py38h2bbff1b_1003 None
  cffi               pkgs/main/win-64::cffi-1.15.1-py38h2bbff1b_3 None
  charset-normalizer pkgs/main/noarch::charset-normalizer-2.0.4-pyhd3eb1b0_0 None
  cryptography       pkgs/main/win-64::cryptography-39.0.1-py38h21b164f_0 None
  cuda-cccl          nvidia/win-64::cuda-cccl-12.1.55-0 None
  cuda-cudart        nvidia/win-64::cuda-cudart-11.8.89-0 None
  cuda-cudart-dev    nvidia/win-64::cuda-cudart-dev-11.8.89-0 None
  cuda-cupti         nvidia/win-64::cuda-cupti-11.8.87-0 None
  cuda-libraries     nvidia/win-64::cuda-libraries-11.8.0-0 None
  cuda-libraries-dev nvidia/win-64::cuda-libraries-dev-11.8.0-0 None
  cuda-nvrtc         nvidia/win-64::cuda-nvrtc-11.8.89-0 None
  cuda-nvrtc-dev     nvidia/win-64::cuda-nvrtc-dev-11.8.89-0 None
  cuda-nvtx          nvidia/win-64::cuda-nvtx-11.8.86-0 None
  cuda-profiler-api  nvidia/win-64::cuda-profiler-api-12.1.55-0 None
  cuda-runtime       nvidia/win-64::cuda-runtime-11.8.0-0 None
  filelock           pkgs/main/win-64::filelock-3.9.0-py38haa95532_0 None
  flit-core          pkgs/main/win-64::flit-core-3.8.0-py38haa95532_0 None
  freetype           pkgs/main/win-64::freetype-2.12.1-ha860e81_0 None
  giflib             pkgs/main/win-64::giflib-5.2.1-h8cc25b3_3 None
  idna               pkgs/main/win-64::idna-3.4-py38haa95532_0 None
  intel-openmp       pkgs/main/win-64::intel-openmp-2021.4.0-haa95532_3556 None
  jinja2             pkgs/main/win-64::jinja2-3.1.2-py38haa95532_0 None
  jpeg               pkgs/main/win-64::jpeg-9e-h2bbff1b_1 None
  lerc               pkgs/main/win-64::lerc-3.0-hd77b12b_0 None
  libcublas          nvidia/win-64::libcublas-11.11.3.6-0 None
  libcublas-dev      nvidia/win-64::libcublas-dev-11.11.3.6-0 None
  libcufft           nvidia/win-64::libcufft-10.9.0.58-0 None
  libcufft-dev       nvidia/win-64::libcufft-dev-10.9.0.58-0 None
  libcurand          nvidia/win-64::libcurand-10.3.2.56-0 None
  libcurand-dev      nvidia/win-64::libcurand-dev-10.3.2.56-0 None
  libcusolver        nvidia/win-64::libcusolver-11.4.1.48-0 None
  libcusolver-dev    nvidia/win-64::libcusolver-dev-11.4.1.48-0 None
  libcusparse        nvidia/win-64::libcusparse-11.7.5.86-0 None
  libcusparse-dev    nvidia/win-64::libcusparse-dev-11.7.5.86-0 None
  libdeflate         pkgs/main/win-64::libdeflate-1.17-h2bbff1b_0 None
  libnpp             nvidia/win-64::libnpp-11.8.0.86-0 None
  libnpp-dev         nvidia/win-64::libnpp-dev-11.8.0.86-0 None
  libnvjpeg          nvidia/win-64::libnvjpeg-11.9.0.86-0 None
  libnvjpeg-dev      nvidia/win-64::libnvjpeg-dev-11.9.0.86-0 None
  libpng             pkgs/main/win-64::libpng-1.6.39-h8cc25b3_0 None
  libtiff            pkgs/main/win-64::libtiff-4.5.0-h6c2663c_2 None
  libuv              pkgs/main/win-64::libuv-1.44.2-h2bbff1b_0 None
  libwebp            pkgs/main/win-64::libwebp-1.2.4-hbc33d0d_1 None
  libwebp-base       pkgs/main/win-64::libwebp-base-1.2.4-h2bbff1b_1 None
  lz4-c              pkgs/main/win-64::lz4-c-1.9.4-h2bbff1b_0 None
  markupsafe         pkgs/main/win-64::markupsafe-2.1.1-py38h2bbff1b_0 None
  mkl                pkgs/main/win-64::mkl-2021.4.0-haa95532_640 None
  mkl-service        pkgs/main/win-64::mkl-service-2.4.0-py38h2bbff1b_0 None
  mkl_fft            pkgs/main/win-64::mkl_fft-1.3.1-py38h277e83a_0 None
  mkl_random         pkgs/main/win-64::mkl_random-1.2.2-py38hf11a4ad_0 None
  mpmath             pkgs/main/win-64::mpmath-1.2.1-py38haa95532_0 None
  networkx           pkgs/main/win-64::networkx-2.8.4-py38haa95532_1 None
  numpy              pkgs/main/win-64::numpy-1.23.5-py38h3b20f71_0 None
  numpy-base         pkgs/main/win-64::numpy-base-1.23.5-py38h4da318b_0 None
  pillow             pkgs/main/win-64::pillow-9.4.0-py38hd77b12b_0 None
  pycparser          pkgs/main/noarch::pycparser-2.21-pyhd3eb1b0_0 None
  pyopenssl          pkgs/main/win-64::pyopenssl-23.0.0-py38haa95532_0 None
  pysocks            pkgs/main/win-64::pysocks-1.7.1-py38haa95532_0 None
  pytorch            pytorch/win-64::pytorch-2.0.0-py3.8_cuda11.8_cudnn8_0 None
  pytorch-cuda       pytorch/win-64::pytorch-cuda-11.8-h24eeafa_3 None
  pytorch-mutex      pytorch/noarch::pytorch-mutex-1.0-cuda None
  requests           pkgs/main/win-64::requests-2.28.1-py38haa95532_1 None
  six                pkgs/main/noarch::six-1.16.0-pyhd3eb1b0_1 None
  sympy              pkgs/main/win-64::sympy-1.11.1-py38haa95532_0 None
  tk                 pkgs/main/win-64::tk-8.6.12-h2bbff1b_0 None
  torchvision        pytorch/win-64::torchvision-0.15.0-py38_cu118 None
  typing_extensions  pkgs/main/win-64::typing_extensions-4.4.0-py38haa95532_0 None
  urllib3            pkgs/main/win-64::urllib3-1.26.15-py38haa95532_0 None
  win_inet_pton      pkgs/main/win-64::win_inet_pton-1.1.0-py38haa95532_0 None
  xz                 pkgs/main/win-64::xz-5.2.10-h8cc25b3_1 None
  zlib               pkgs/main/win-64::zlib-1.2.13-h8cc25b3_0 None
  zstd               pkgs/main/win-64::zstd-1.5.4-hd43e919_0 None
...
>>> import torch
>>> torch.version.cuda
'11.8'
>>> torch.__version__
'2.0.0'
>>> x = torch.randn(1).cuda()
>>> x
tensor([1.7900], device='cuda:0')